This volume charts the contours of a reimagined and revitalized field of Indology in light of the ground-breaking research of Sheldon Pollock. One of the many exciting aspects of Pollock’s work is its unprecedented combination of classical textual study with cutting edge theoretical and social scientific inquiry – a combination which this book sets out to emulate. Pollock has trained and inspired a new generation of scholars, many of whom have contributed to this volume. The essays are organized into five groups that reflect the major domains of Pollock’s immense contributions to the field: the epic Ramayana, Sanskrit literature and literary theory, systemic thought in premodern South Asia, the birth of a new vernacular cultural order in the subcontinent during the second millennium CE, and India’s early modernity. Most of the essays concentrate on materials in Sanskrit, but there are also considerable contributions to the history of Hindi, Tamil and Persian literatures. The book presents for the first time an overview of the ground-breaking contributions of Sheldon Pollock to South Asian scholarship over the past three decades, while offering a set of critiques of key elements of his theories.